ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﻭﺭﺣﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻭﺑﺮﻛﺎﺗﻪ
ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ
ﺧﻄﺄ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ " ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻌﻬﺎ "
"
ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻄﺎﺑﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻧﺚ ؟!
ﻫﻞ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ : ﺑﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻓﻴﻚ ﻱ ، ﺃﻡ ﺑﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻓﻲﻙِ ؟
ﻫﻞ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ : ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﺩﻳﻚ ﻱ ، ﺃﻡ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﺩﻱﻙِ ؟
ﻫﻞ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ : ﺃﺭﺳﻞ ﺗﻲ ﻟﻲ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ، ﺃﻡ ﺃﺭﺳﻞ ﺕِ ﻟﻲ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ؟
ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ؟
ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ، ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ .
ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ " ﻣﺎﺽ ، ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ، ﻭﺃﻣﺮ " ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﺼﻪ ﻭﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
.
ﻟﻨﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻌًﺎ ﻭﻧﻔﺮِّﻕ :
ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ " ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻜﺮﻡ " ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻧﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﻼﻏﻴﺔ :
ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ :
ﺃﻭﻟًﺎ : ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﻝّ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﻰ .
ﺛﺎﻧﻴًﺎ : ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﺗﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ .
ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ :
ﺃﻭﻟًﺎ : ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﻝّ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ .
ﺛﺎﻧﻴًًﺎ : ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ " ﻟﻢ " .
ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :
ﺃﻭﻟًﺎ : ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﻝّ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ .
ﺛﺎﻧﻴًﺎ : ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ " ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ " . ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﻛﻼﻣﻪ .
ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ، ﺃﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﺪﺗﻢ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ " ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ ؟ ﻫﻞ
ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ؟
ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻧﻜﻢ ﺳﺘﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ .
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﺯﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛَﺮْﺕُ ؛ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﻭﺀ ﺑـ " ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ " ﺃﻭ " ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ " ﻗﺪ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ
ﺑﻪ " ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ " ﺃﻭ " ﺃﻟﻒ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﻴﻦ " ﺃﻭ " ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ " ، ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳُﺴﻤﻰ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬٍ ﺑـ "
ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ " ﺃﻭ " ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ " .
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺠﺪ " ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ " ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﻭﺀ " ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﺀ " ، ﻭﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ
ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺗﻪ ، ﻣﺜﻞ " ﺃﻧﺖ ﺗﻜﺘﺒﻴﻦ " " ﻟﻦْ ﺗﻜﺘﺒﻲ " " ﻻ ﺗﻜﺘﺒﻲ ."
ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﻨﺎ ﻣﻌًﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ :
[ ﻻ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ ﺇﻟّﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ، ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﻭﺀًﺍ ﺑـ " ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ " " ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ " ، ﻭﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﻧﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ].
ﻓﻼ ﻧﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ، ﺑﻞ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ، ﻫﻜﺬﺍ " ﻛَﺘَﺐْﺕِ "
ﻭﻻ ﻧﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ " ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ " ﺑﻞ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﻔﻠﻬﺎ ، ﻫﻜﺬﺍ "
ﻳﻨﺎﺩﻱﻙِ "
ﻭﻻ ﻧﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ " ﺣﺮﻑ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ " ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ " ﺑﻞ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﻔﻠﻬﺎ ، ﻫﻜﺬﺍ "
ﻛﺬﻝﻙِ "
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ : " ﺑﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻓﻲﻙِ " ، ﻭﻻ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ " ﺑﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻓﻴﻚ ﻱ "
ﻭﻧﻘﻮﻝ : " ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﺩﻱﻙِ " ﻭﻻ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ " ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﺩﻳﻚ ﻱ "
ﻭﻧﻘﻮﻝ : " ﺃﺭﺳﻞﺕِ ﻟﻲ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ " ﻭﻻ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ " ﺃﺭﺳﻞﺗﻲ ﻟﻲ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ "
ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ " " ﻳَﺎ ﻣَﺮْﻳَﻢُ ﺍﻗْﻨُﺘِﻲ ﻟِﺮَﺑِّﻚِ ﻭَﺍﺳْﺠُﺪِﻱ ﻭَﺍﺭْﻛَﻌِﻲ ﻣَﻊَ ﺍﻟﺮَّﺍﻛِﻌِﻴﻦَ "
" ﺍﻗﻨﺘﻲ ، ﺍﺳﺠﺪﻱ ، ﺍﺭﻛﻌﻲ " : ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻣﺮ ، ﺇﺫﻥ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ .
ﻟﺮﺏﻙِ : ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ ، ﻻ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ .
ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ : " ﻭَﺇِﺫْ ﻗَﺎﻟَﺖِ ﺍﻟْﻤَﻼﺋِﻜَﺔُ ﻳَﺎ ﻣَﺮْﻳَﻢُ ﺇِﻥَّ ﺍﻟﻠَّﻪَ ﺍﺻْﻄَﻔَﺎﻙِ ﻭَﻃَﻬَّﺮَﻙِ ﻭَﺍﺻْﻄَﻔَﺎﻙِ ﻋَﻠَﻰ
ﻧِﺴَﺎﺀ ﺍﻟْﻌَﺎﻟَﻤِﻴﻦَ "
" ﺍﺻﻄﻔﺎﻙِ ، ﻃﻬﺮﻙِ " ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺿﻴﺔ ، ﻟﺬﺍ ﻻ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ .
ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ " " ﻗَﺎﻟَﺖْ ﺭَﺏِّ ﺃَﻧَّﻰ ﻳَﻜُﻮﻥُ ﻟِﻲ ﻭَﻟَﺪٌ ﻭَﻟَﻢْ ﻳَﻤْﺴَﺴْﻨِﻲ ﺑَﺸَﺮٌ ﻗَﺎﻝَ ﻛَﺬَﻟِﻚِ ﺍﻟﻠَّﻪُ ﻳَﺨْﻠُﻖُ
ﻣَﺎ ﻳَﺸَﺎﺀُ ﺇِﺫَﺍ ﻗَﻀَﻰ ﺃَﻣْﺮًﺍ ﻓَﺈِﻧَّﻤَﺎ ﻳَﻘُﻮﻝُ ﻟَﻪُ ﻛُﻦْ ﻓَﻴَﻜُﻮﻥُ "
ﻛﺬﻟﻚِ : ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻧﺜﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ .
ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺃﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﺻﻞِّ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﺻﺤﺒﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ
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